Clinical feature: 

Definition: CAKUT is a large group of hereditary diseases which have in common congenital abnormalities. Most often malformations are not only restricted to kidney and urinary tract, but also other organs may be involved. The modes of inheritance are so variable as are the underlying genetic defects.

Literature: 

Neild GH et al. (2009) What do we know about chronic renal failure in young adults? I. Primary renal disease.
Yosypiv IV et al. (2008) A new role for the renin-angiotensin system in the development of the ureteric bud and renal collecting system.
Rosen S et al. (2008) The kidney in congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction: a spectrum from normal to nephrectomy.
Winyard P et al. (2008) Dysplastic kidneys.
Schedl A et al. (2007) Renal abnormalities and their developmental origin.
Nakai H et al. (2003) Changing concepts in urological management of the congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT.
Nakanishi K et al. (2003) Genetic disorders of human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT).
Ichikawa I et al. (2002) Paradigm shift from classic anatomic theories to contemporary cell biological views of CAKUT.
Pope JC et al. (1999) How they begin and how they end: classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT.
Yerkes E et al. (1998) Role of angiotensin in the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in the mouse and the human.