Molekulargenetisches Labor
Zentrum für Nephrologie und Stoffwechsel
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Komplement-Faktor H

Dieses Gen kodiert einen wichtigen Faktor der Komplementkaskade. Mutationen sind für verantwortlich für das atypische hämolytisch urämische Syndrom, die membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis und die altersabhängige Makuladegeneration.

Epidemiologie

Zuverlässige epidemiologische Daten zur Mutationshäufigkeit und -lokalisation liegen nicht vor. Mutationen dieses Gens scheinen in allen Rassen vorzukommen.

Genstruktur

Das Gen HF1, welches auch als beta1-H bekannt ist, besitzt eine Größe von 96 kb. In unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft befinden sich auf dem selben Chromosom 4 immunologisch und strukturell ähnliche Proteine (FHR1-4). Das Gen wird von 22 Exons gebildet.

Phänotyp

Mutationen dieses Gens wurden in einigen, allerdings nicht in allen, Familien mit familiärem Hämolytisch Urämischem Syndrom (HUS) gefunden. Weiterhin wurde eine Assoziation von Gendefekten mit der Nierenbeteiligung bei systemischem Lupus erythematodes, Typ 2 Membranoproliferativer Glomerulonephritis und Kollagen III Glomerulopathie beobachtet.<br>Die Polymorphismen I62V und Y402H erhöhen das Risiko an altersbedingter Makuladegeneration zu erkranken.

Pathologie

Das Translationsprodukt ein Serumglykoprotein wird vornehmlich von der Leber sezerniert. Das Protein besteht aus 1309 Aminosäuren und besitzt im vollglykosilierten Zustand ein Molekulargewicht von 159 kD. Die Aminosäurenkette besteht aus 20 repetitiven Einheiten von jeweils 60 Aminosäuren, die als kurze konsensus Repeats (SCR) bezeichnet werden. Die Tertiärstruktur gleicht einem Griechischen Buchstaben a. Das Protein bindet polyanionische Zelloberflächen und C3b. Hierdurch begünstigt es den Abbau von C3b und damit eine Unterbrechung des alternativen Weges der Komplementaktivierung. Niedrige Plasmaspiegel von Faktor H führen zur Reduktion von C3 als Folge eines gesteigerten Verbrauches in einer ungezügelten Aktivierung.

Untersuchungsstrategie

Eine bezüglich HUS belastete Familienanamnese, ein rezidivierender Verlauf und niedrige HF1 Spiegel könnten die Indikation für eine molekulargenetische Untersuchung begründen. Weiterhin könnte eine molekulargenetische Untersuchung bei familiärer Häufung von Nierenbeteiligung bei Lupus erythematode, Typ 2 Mesangioproliferativer Glomerulonephritis und Kollagen III Glomerulopathie erwogen werden.

Interpretation

Insbesondere Mutationen in den Exons 18-20 scheinen eine pathogenetische Bedeutung zu besitzen. Patienten mit einer nachgewiesenen Mutation haben eine schlechte Prognose nach Nierentransplantation. In 50-90% der Fälle kommt es zu einem Wiederauftretender Grunderkrankung und in 80-90% dieser Rezidive ist ein Transplantatverlust die Folge. Eine wesentlich bessere Prognose scheinen kombinierte Nieren- und Lebertransplantationen zu haben. Patienten mit nachgewiesener Mutation sollten für eine Supplemenation mit rekombinantem Faktor H vorgesehen werden. Eine Familienuntersuchung zur Risikoabschätzung könnte in Einzelfällen erwogen werden.

Gentests:

Klinisch Untersuchungsmethoden Familienuntersuchung
Bearbeitungszeit 5 Tage
Probentyp genomische DNS
Klinisch Untersuchungsmethoden Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierung
Bearbeitungszeit 25 Tage
Probentyp genomische DNS
Klinisch Untersuchungsmethoden Direkte Sequenzierung der proteinkodierenden Bereiche eines Gens
Bearbeitungszeit 20 Tage
Probentyp genomische DNS
Klinisch Untersuchungsmethoden Multiplex ligationsabhängige Amplifikation
Bearbeitungszeit 20 Tage
Probentyp genomische DNS

Verknüpfte Erkrankungen:

Hämolytisch Urämisches Syndrom
ADAMTS13
C3
C4BPA
C4BPB
CD46
CFB
CFH
CFHR1
CFHR2
CFHR3
CFHR4
CFHR5
CFI
CLU
DGKE
Methylmalonazidurie
Methylmalonazidurie Typ mut
MUT
Methylmalonazidurie mit Homozysteinurie cblC
MMACHC
Methylmalonazidurie mit Homozysteinurie cblD
MMADHC
PIGA
PLG
THBD
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
ADAMTS13
C1QA
C1QB
C1QC
C3
CD46
CFB
CFD
CFH
CFHR1
CFHR2
CFHR3
CFHR4
CFHR5
CFI
CLU
CR1-Mangel
CR1
DGKE
Komplement C1q-Mangel
C1QA
C1QB
C1QC
Komplement C1s-Mangel
C1S
PIGA
THBD
Altersabhängige Makuladegeneration 01
APOE
ARMS2
C2
C3
CFH
CFHR1
CFHR3
KCNT2
Meningokokken-Infektanfälligkeit
C3
C5
C7
C8A
C8B
C8G
C9
CD46
CFB
CFD
CFH
CFP

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Update: 14. August 2020
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