Die Nebenschilddrüse setzt sich aus 4 kleinen Epithelkörperchen zusammen, die sich unmittelbar hinter der Schilddrüse befinden. Das von dieser endokrinen Drüse gebildete Parathormon (PTH) ist insbesondere für die Stabilisierung des Calciumhaushaltes verantwortlich. Somit zeigen sich Störungen der Nebenschilddrüsenfunktion in einem zu niedrigen oder zu hohen PTH- oder Calciumspiegel. Sekundäre Folgen können Verluste der Knochensubstanz, Organverkalkungen oder Nierensteine sein.
Die Diagnose wird durch die Bestimmung des Parathormons (PTH) und des Calcium im PLasma gestellt. In einigen Fällen kann auch die Bestimmung von Phosphat und Vitamin D-Metaboliten im Plasma und die renale Exkretion von Calcium und Phosphat nützlich sein.
Es wird ein Hypoparathyreoidismus mit inadäquat niedrigem und ein Hyperparathyreoidismus mit hohem Parathormonspiegel unterschieden. Ein inadequates Ansprechen des Rezeptors auf Parathormon wird als Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus bezeichnet.
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